2. Rise to the Presidency (2013‑2014) 3. Economic Policies & Outcomes (2013‑2024) Policy Goal Result (2023‑24 data) Currency controls & multiple exchange rates Prevent capital flight, fund the state. Black‑market rate diverged > 30× official; severe scarcity of basic goods. Printing money to finance deficits Cover budget gaps without raising taxes. Hyperinflation peaked at ≈ 1.3 million % (2018); inflation fell to ~190 % by 2023 but real wages…
Month: January 2026
January 2026 the Trump administration escalated a campaign against Venezuela that went far beyond the sanctions regime that began under the Obama‑Biden era. The strategy combined
The administration justified the actions as a fight against “narco‑terrorism” and a means to force a political transition. In practice, the policy produced a cascade of humanitarian, legal, security and diplomatic harms that outweighed any short‑term pressure on the Maduro regime. This paper evaluates those negative outcomes across five thematic domains, drawing exclusively on contemporary news reports (Reuters, Al Jazeera, CNN, BBC, The Guardian,…